Click on the Terra Nova Skill to access web sites that contain lesson plans, practice and other helpful ideas in teaching these skills.
| Terra Nova Skill | Sub-skills | Objective(s) |
| Sentence Structure | Complete/Fragment/Run-on |
1. Distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences 2. Add words to sentence fragments to form complete sentences 3. Identify and correct run-on sentences |
| Sentence Structure/Combining |
1. Form compound sentences 2. Join simple sentence with a comma and appropriate transition words 3. Combine sentences that contain words "that," "when," or "why" |
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| Misplaced Modifier | Use the correct form of adjectives that compare in sentence | |
| Mixed Structure Problem | Identify and correct structure problems in a sentence | |
| Writing Strategies | Relevance |
1. Practice each of the following types of writing: expository, persuasive
writing, narrative, descriptive, and a short research report 2. Use simile, metaphor, personification, alliteration, vivid vocabulary, and other similar tools of a writer 3. Write paragraphs with supporting and relevant details |
| Sequences |
1. Write a multi-paragraph paper 2. Sequence sentences in a given paragraph |
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| Topic Sentences | Write a paragraph with a topic sentence, supporting relevant details, transitional words, and a closing using correct mechanics | |
| Supporting Sentences |
1. Compose a narrative with a main idea, three sets of details, and a
conclusion 2. Determine and eliminate non-supportive sentences |
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| Organize Information | Use writing organizational tools: graphic organizer, webs, venn diagrams, outlines, blank formats to write a book report | |
| Information Sources | Use glossary, dictionary, atlas, encyclopedia, and Internet to support writing | |
| Editing Skills | Usage | Write varied types of complete sentences using correct mechanics and verb tense |
| Proofreading | Proofread own work and others' using grammar checklist, editing marks, and scoring rubrics for content | |
| Sentences, Phrases, Clauses | End Mark | Determine correct end mark punctuation in a sentence (i.e., period, question mark, and exclamation mark) |
| Commas |
1. Use commas properly in friendly letters, words in a series, dates, and
addresses 2. Use commas in introductory expressions and following a direct address 3. Use 2 commas to set off an appositive, a group of words that tells more about the subject |
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| Quotation Mark |
1. Use quotation marks in context 2. Use a comma before the quotation when the speaker's name comes first 3. Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark to end the quotation when the speaker's name comes last |
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| Writing Conventions | Proper Nouns |
1. Capitalize and punctuate proper nouns 2. Capitalize and punctuate initials 3. Capitalize and punctuate titles of respect |
| Capitalize Title |
1. Capitalize and punctuate titles correctly: story, book, newspaper, poem,
song, movie, book chapter, magazine, and article 2. Underline title of books, newspapers, magazines, and movies |
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| Apostrophe | Use apostrophes correctly: possessive nouns and in verb contractions | |
| Letter Parts | Identify the six parts of a business letter | |
| Proper Adjectives | Identify, form, and capitalize proper adjectives correctly | |
| Vowels | Long Vowels | Identify the correct spelling of long vowel sounds in words presented in sentences and phrases |
| Short Vowels | Identify the correct spelling of short vowel sounds in words presented in sentences and phrases | |
| Schwa |
1. Recognize the schwa sound in the unstressed syllable of a word 2. Recognize the schwa sound in the final part of a word |
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| r-controlled | Identify the correct spelling of vowel sounds and r in words presented in sentences and phrases | |
| Other Digraph | Recognize initial or final consonant digraphs | |
| Consonants | Variant Spelling | Recognize correct spelling of variant consonant sounds in words |
| Structural Units | Prefixes | Identify and understand meanings of prefixes such as: un, in, dis, re, ex, en, con, com, pre, and pro |
| Suffix | Identify and understand meanings of suffixes such as: ent, ant, able, ible | |
| Similar Word Parts | Recognize word parts that are similar such as: -id as in slid, bid, and lid | |
| Root Word | Identify root words | |
| Compound Words |
1. Identify and form compound words 2. Recognize that compound words may be written as one word, as a hyphenated word, or as separate words |
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| Structural Units |
1. Identify and understand meanings of prefixes and suffixes 2. Recognize similar word parts, homonyms, root words, and compound structural units |
| Terra Nova Skill | Sub-skills | Objective(s) |
| Number & Number Relations | Read and Recognize Whole Numbers | Read and recognize whole numbers |
| Read and Recognize Decimals | Read and recognize decimals | |
| Read and Recognize Fractions | Read and recognize fractions | |
| Compare/Order | Compare number of objects in two sets | |
| Money | Identify change in bills and coins when bills used for payment | |
| Fractional Parts |
1. Read and interpret picture graphs 2. Identify in lowest terms using greatest common factor 3. Compare unlike fractions by finding common denominators 4. Identify mixed numbers as improper fractions |
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| Equivalent Forms | Determine equivalent forms of decimals to fractions | |
| Odd/Even Numbers | Identify odd and even numbers; count by odd numbers/even numbers | |
| Factors |
1. Identify common factors of two whole numbers 2. Identify the greatest common factor |
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| Multiples | Identify common multiples of two numbers | |
| Divisors | Use rules of divisibility for 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10 | |
| Number Line |
1. Read and write numerals through 999,999,999 2. Identify word names for said numerals |
|
| Rounding/Estimation |
1. Round 4-and 5-digit numbers to the nearest thousand, hundred, and ten 2. Round decimals to nearest whole, tenth, or hundredth 3. Read and interpret bar graphs using estimation |
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| Computation & Numerical Estimation | Add Whole Numbers | Add multi-digit numbers |
| Subtract Whole Numbers | Subtract multi-digit numbers | |
| Multiply Whole Numbers | Multiply 2- and 3-digit numbers | |
| Divide Whole Numbers | Divide 2- and 3-digit numbers | |
| Mean | Determine the mean of up to 5 numbers | |
| Computation in Context | Solve 1- and 2-step word problems using a combination of operations | |
| Money in Context | Identify change in bills and coins | |
| Estimation | Estimate answers and solutions to problems | |
| Estimation w/Money | Estimate answers and solutions to problems involving monetary units | |
| Operation Concepts | Multi-Step Addition/Subtraction | Solve multi-step problems using addition and subtraction |
| Multi-Step Multiplication | Solve multi-step problems using multiplication | |
| Multi-Step Division | Solve multi-step problems using division | |
| Operation Sense | Use appropriate operation to solve multi-step problems | |
| Operation Properties/Order of Operations | Determine the order of operations to solve problems | |
| Measurement | Measuring w/Ruler | Measure to nearest millimeter or quarter inch |
| Metric Measurement | Identify metric relationships (i.e.,: km/m, kg/g, m/cm) | |
| Customary Measurement | Identify customary relationships (i.e.,: lb/oz, ft/in, yd/ft, and yd/in) | |
| Area |
1. Determine area of squares, rectangles, and triangles using the
appropriate formula 2. Estimate area of regular/irregular polygons |
|
| Estimate Customary Measure | Estimate distances, lengths, and weights using customary measurements | |
| Estimate Metric Measurement | Estimate distance, length, and weight in metric measurements | |
| Perimeter | Solve word problems involving perimeter of multi-sided polygons and 3-, and 4-sided figures | |
| Scale Draw, Map and Model | Convert distances on maps to actual values using scale; solve problems using whole number data from maps | |
| Temperature | Indicate temperature to the nearest degree on a Celsius or Fahrenheit thermometer | |
| Time |
1. Identify time relationships using minutes, hour, hours/day, a.m., p.m.,
and days/week 2. Performs conversion between units of time |
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| Volume | Determine the volume of an object with given dimensions | |
| Geometry & Spatial Sense | Congruence/Similarity | Recognizes and names congruent triangles and rectangles from sets |
| Symmetry | Identify symmetrical/asymmetrical figures | |
| Visualization/Spatial Reasoning | Manipulate spatial areas to solve problems | |
| Transformations/Combine & Subdivide Shapes | Identify flips, turns, and slides | |
| Triangles | Recognize congruent triangles from a set | |
| Coordinate Geometry | Identify and plot points on a graph using the x, y axis | |
| Angles | Identify and classify angles | |
| Parts of a Circle | Identify the parts of a circle | |
| Plane Figures | Identify and classify plane figures and polygons | |
| Data Analysis, Statistics & Probability | Select Data to Display |
1. Understand and recognize different modes of data display 2. Identify appropriate mode of data display relative to specific problem |
| Make Inferences from Data |
1. Solve problems using whole number data 2. Read and interpret circle graphs, bar graphs, and picture graphs |
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| Solve Problems Using Whole Number Data | Read and interpret circle graphs and picture graphs | |
| Patterns, Functions, Algebra | Geometric Pattern | Investigate, describe, and extend geometric patterns, including triangular numbers and perfect squares |
| Number Pattern | Investigate, describe, and extend patterns, including patterns formed by powers of 10 and arithmetic sequences | |
| Function | Investigate and describe the concept of a variable | |
| Use Algebra to Solve Problems | Solve problems using algebra | |
| Problem Solving & Reasoning | Solve Non-Routine Problems |
1. Solve 2-step word problems using basic operations 2. Solve non-routine problems |
| Proportional Reasoning | Solve problems using proportional reasoning | |
| Deductive/Inductive Reasoning | Identify solutions to problems using both deductive and inductive reasoning | |
| Formulate Problem | Create a problem situation based on a given open sentence using a single variable | |
| Add Whole Numbers | Regrouping | Add multi-digit whole numbers with regrouping |
| Subtracting Whole Numbers | Regrouping | Subtract multi-digit whole numbers with regrouping |
| Multiply Whole Numbers | No Regrouping | Multiply multi-digit whole numbers without regrouping |
| Regrouping | Multiply multi-digit whole numbers with regrouping | |
| Divide Whole Numbers | No Remainder | Divide multi-digit whole numbers including 2- and 3-digit numbers with/without zeros without a remainder |
| Remainder | Divide multi-digit whole numbers including 2- and 3-digit numbers with/without zeros and a remainder | |
| Decimals | Addition | Add decimals using decimal points, dollar signs, and cent signs |
| Subtraction | Subtract decimals using decimal points, dollar signs, and cent signs | |
| Multiplication | Multiply decimals using decimal points, dollar signs, and cent signs | |
| Fractions | Add Like Fractions | Add like fractions |
| Add Unlike Fractions | Add unlike fractions | |
| Add Mixed Numbers | Add mixed numbers with like and unlike fractions | |
| Subtract Like Fractions | Subtract like fractions | |
| Subtract Unlike Fractions | Subtract unlike fractions | |
| Subtract Mixed Numbers | Subtract mixed numbers with like and unlike fractions | |
| Subtract Mixed Numbers w/ Regrouping | Subtract mixed numbers with regrouping |
| Terra Nova Skill | Sub-skills | Objective(s) |
| Basic Understanding | Vocabulary | Identify meaning of grade-level vocabulary |
| State Information | Recall facts and story details | |
| Graphics | Derive meaning from pictures/graphics | |
| Sequence | Recognize, recall, and order events in a passage | |
| Initial Understanding | Demonstrate understanding of a passage | |
| Analyze Text | Main Idea/Theme | Distinguish the central or pervasive theme of a passage (The main idea is the writer's most important message.) |
| Supporting Evidence | Find details in a selection to support a statement | |
| Conclusions | Make inferences using information and story clues given in a written passage to make a decision | |
| Cause/Effect | Determine cause and effect | |
| Compare/Contrast | Analyze similarities and differences in characters or events | |
| Story Elements/Character | Analyze characters and characters' actions, traits, and feelings | |
| Story Elements/Plot | Identify the important events in the beginning, middle, and end of a story | |
| Literary Techniques | Read and be exposed to a variety of literary techniques such as figurative language, poetry, imagery, and humor | |
| Non-Fiction Elements | Recognize prose writing that presents and explains ideas that tell about real people, places, objects, or events by reading biographies, essays, newspaper articles, etc. | |
| Evaluate & Extend Meaning | Generalize | Make inferences and recognize unstated assumptions |
| Author/Purpose | Identify the reason an author wrote a story: to entertain, to persuade, to inform, or to express feelings or beliefs | |
| Author/Point of View/Bias | Recognize perspective from which the story is told; determine an author's bias and identify an author's purpose | |
| Author/Tone | Express the reader's feeling after reading the selection | |
| Predict/Hypothesize | Use information to predict what will happen next in a given selection | |
| Extend/Apply Meaning | Transfer what has been learned to evaluate new situations | |
| Setting | Identify details in order to conclude when and where a story takes place | |
| Fact/Opinion | Identify facts and opinions of the author | |
| Critical Assessment | Use prior knowledge to assess and analyze other information | |
| Identify Reading Strategies | Make Connections | Make connections between the text, graphic representations of textual concepts, and other situations and categories |
| Utilize Structure | Recognize the way information in a story or article is organized | |
| Vocabulary Strategies | Derive word meaning using structural or context clues as the word is used in a sentence | |
| Self-monitor | Check understanding of a selection by questioning, predicting, and clarifying | |
| Summarize | Construct a brief statement that contains the main idea of a passage using own words | |
| Synthesize Across Text | Bring together various types of information from different sources | |
| Graphic Strategies | Translate visual information to determine meaning of a passage; a weak reader sees words and a strong reader sees characters, actions, and objects described by the words | |
| Formulate Questions | Engage in a thinking process while reading in an effort to understand characters and events; recognize a question that could be asked to find out more about the topic | |
| Apply Genre | Determine the genre of a selection (i.e., poetry, drama, fiction, or nonfiction) | |
| Word Meaning | Synonyms | Identify synonyms |
| Antonyms | Identify antonyms | |
| Appropriate Word | Select the word that fits a sentence and gives the desired connotation | |
| Multimeaning Words | Multimeaning Words | Evaluate the appropriateness of words when their meanings shift |
| Words in Context | Words in Context | Use context clues to determine words missing from passages and unfamiliar words within passages |
| Terra Nova Skill | Sub-skills | Objective(s) |
| Science Inquiry | Ability |
1. Ask questions that can be answered using a designed investigation that
utilizes the scientific method 2. Interpret data to develop descriptions and explanations based on evidence gathered from investigations 3. Review data from a simple experiment and form a logical argument about the cause and effect relationships in the experiment |
| Physical Science | Properties |
1. Identify characteristics of properties of matter such as density, boiling
point, and solubility 2. Recognize that matter is composed of basic units that are too small to be seen without magnification 3. Recognize the Periodic Table of Elements 4. Recognize the types of changes that result from interactions of matter (i.e., physical and chemical changes) 5. Recognize the effects of interactions between matter, heat, and energy |
| Light, Heat & Electricity |
1. Recognize and identify that light, as well as mechanical and electrical
machines give off heat 2. Recognize conduction of heat in various materials 3. Recognize and identify materials that conduct heat, or those that prevent transfer of heat (i.e., conductors and insulators) |
|
| Motion & Forces |
1. Identify the laws of motion 2. Recognize that unbalanced forces will cause changes in speed or direction of an object's motion 3. Be introduced to Newton's three Laws of Motion, and what they can illustrate about movement of objects 4. Identify that machines can be used to alter forces 5. Recognize gravity as a force in nature 6. Identify and demonstrate simple machines |
|
| Energy |
1. Recognize the characteristics and behaviors of light energy and sound
energy 2. Recognize the role of energy in our lives 3. Be introduced to basic concepts of where and how electricity is generated 4. Classify materials according to how light passes through them (i.e., transparent, translucent, and opaque) 5. Describe how sound is produced 6. Demonstrate how volume and pitch can be changed 7. Recognize ways that heat travels through different kinds of matter 8. Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy 9. Demonstrate that light can be reflected, refracted and absorbed by different materials 10. Recognize characteristics of a wave, such as wavelength, crest, and trough |
|
| Life Science | Characteristics of Organisms |
1. Identify that all living things have life cycles, which include birth,
growth and development, reproduction and death 2. Draw and label basic cell structures of plant and animal cells 3. Identify and describe characteristics that help an organism adapt and survive in its environment 4. Recognize that plants and animals are grouped according to similarities and the differences in their characteristics, such as identifying and comparing amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals |
| Diversity & Adaptations |
1. Recognize that changes of living creatures can include structural
changes, behavioral changes, and physiological adaptations within a
population 2. Identify that organisms have specific characteristics to help with survival in a particular environment |
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| Life Cycles |
1. Recognize that fossils show connections between organisms that lived in
the past and those that live in the present 2. Recognize that organisms can become extinct and be able to identify some examples of organisms that have become extinct |
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| Regulation & Behavior |
1. Recognize that an organism's behavior evolves with its adaptation to its
environment 2. Investigate the relationships among organisms in a specific ecosystem, such as symbiosis/mutualism, competition, etc. |
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| Populations & Ecosystems |
1. Observe that populations of organisms can be categorized by the function
they serve in an ecosystem 2. Identify that organisms that are in an ecosystem can depend on many biotic and abiotic factors for success, and a change in those factors can result in a shift of organism populations 3. Recognize the relationship between natural resources and other factors in relation to the growth of populations 4. Recognize the processes of respiration and photosynthesis 5. Recognize how biomes/populations can be impacted by environmental changes 6. Recognize that organisms are impacted by and are able to change with their environment |
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| Organisms & Environments |
1. Recognize relationships among organisms in a specific ecosystem (i.e.,
population, community, etc.) 2. Recognize the process of photosynthesis, with a focus on the basic functions of plant structures 3. Recognize the relationships within food chains (i.e., producers, consumers, and decomposers) 4. Recognize environmental issues that can influence organism's growth and development 5. Recognize organism's pattern of behavior is related to its availability of food, resources, and physical characteristics of the environment |
|
| Earth & Space Science | Properties of Earth Materials |
1. Recognize the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources 2. Explore various types of energy resources and their importance to man 3. Identify the three layers of the Earth 4. Identify the steps involved in the rock cycle |
| Earth in the Solar System |
1. Identify that Earth is the third planet from the Sun, and it moves, as
well as most objects in the solar system, in a regular, predictable motion 2. Identify that gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit and governs the rest of the motion in the solar system and that it changes position in the sky during a specific time of day or night 3. Identify how the rotation of the earth on its axis every 24 hours produces the day and night cycle 4. Identify and sequence the phases of the moon. 5. Model rotation and revolution of the Earth 6. Recognize the basic components of the universe: solar system, galaxy, etc. |
|
| Earth System |
1. Identify the lithosphere, its plates, and that they are constantly
moving, which result in a variety of geological events 2. Recognize temperature changes affect evaporation, condensation, and precipitation 3. Identify types of cloud associated with weather 4. Recognize that the Earth is composed of different layers 5. Recognize that the earth's geological features change through certain processes, such as plate tectonics 6. Recognize the components of the rock cycle 7. Recognize the effect of landforms and bodies of water on weather and climate 8. Communicate how human activities affect the Earth's land, oceans, and atmosphere 9. Recognize water as the universal solvent 10. Recognize that atmospheric conditions can affect climate, such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and wind direction 11. Recognize the relationship between the collection of weather data, using specific tools and its interpretation |
|
| Changes in the Earth/Sky |
1. Identify the hydrosphere, the "water cycle," and that this water covers
the majority of the Earth's surface 2. Recognize that atmospheric conditions vary and can be measured using specific tools 3. Investigate the patterns and movements of objects in space, such as the apparent changing shape of the moon 4. Investigate the forces that build and erode rocks |
|
| Earth's History |
1. Recognize that the Earth's geological features change, such as how waves,
moving water, wind, and ice shape and reshape the Earth's land surface by
eroding and redepositing minerals 2. Recognize weathering and erosion and its role in changing the shape and makeup of various landforms (i.e., how beaches are formed and changes through erosion and deposition) 3. Describe a major geologic event that results from plate movement (i.e., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building) 4. Recognize that the Earth is composed of different layers |
|
| Objects in the Sky |
1. Identify and order the four basic phases of the moon 2. Investigate the patterns and movements in space, such as the rotation and revolution of the Earth 3. Explain what causes day and night 4. Recognize the role of technology and careers related to the study of space |
|
| Science & Technology | Understanding Science/Technology |
1. Recognize how different people in different cultures have made and
continue to make contributions to science and technology 2. Recognize how science and technology are inter-dependent 3. Recognize that designs may have constraints, such as cost, materials, time, space, and safety 4. Recognize that humans have always invented tools and techniques to solve problems |
| Abilities of Technological Design |
1. Identify the need for appropriate technological designs by exploring the
specific need of such a design, and implementation of a proposed design 2. Identify completed designs and products relevant to the original purpose or need and be able to communicate observations about the design |
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| Personal & Social Perspectives in Science | Natural Resources | Recognize that when an area becomes overpopulated, the environment will become degraded due to the increased use of resources |
| Environmental Quality | Identify that environmental and natural resource degradation will vary from region to region due to differing views on the environment within different human populations | |
| Personal/Community Health |
1. Recognize the importance of maintaining good health, and improving
health, as in personal exercise developing cardiovascular endurance 2. Recognize that the use of tobacco increases the risk of illness 3. Recognize that alcohol and other drugs are often abused substances 4. Recognize that food and proper nutrition are required for growth and development 5. Recognize that the natural environment may contain substances harmful to human beings |
|
| Risks/Benefits |
1. Recognize risk analysis which considers hazards, such as natural hazards,
chemical hazards, biological hazards, and personal hazards 2. Recognize that important social and personal decisions are made based on perceptions of benefits and risks |
|
| History & Nature of Science | History of Science |
1. Recognize that people have always had questions about their world, and
science has been one way of answering those questions and explaining the
natural world 2. Recognize that science requires different abilities such as reasoning, energy, skill, and creativity 3. Recognize that many individuals have contributed to the traditions of science, and the difficulty there has been for scientific innovations to break through as accepted ideas of their time 4. Understand how the growth of factories affects the environment 5. Create an understanding of the effects of technology and its effects in the 20th century |
| Terra Nova Skill | Sub-skills | Objective(s) |
| Geographic Perspectives | Location, Place, Regions |
1. Use map skills to locate specific places, determine distances, capitals,
landforms, natural resources, and products 2. Estimate distance and calculate scale 3. Name the five regions and their major characteristics 4. Use cardinal directions to locate a specific location and give directions to a specific location 5. Using latitude and longitude lines to determine location |
| Movement |
1. Describe the migration of people from Asia to America 2. Explain the reasons that Europeans immigrated to America 3. Describe and map Westward Expansion 4. Identify the major events that affected immigration during the 1800-1900s |
|
| Human Environment Interaction |
1. Examine effects of technology on both humans and environment 2. Examine ways people depend upon land resources and evaluate decisions regarding their use |
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| Process/Investigation | Make maps of regions that demonstrate understandings of land forms, scale, boundary, and direction | |
| Historical & Cultural Perspectives | Time, Continuity, Change |
1. Read and interpret timelines 2. Use various sources for reconstructing the past, such as documents, letters, diaries, maps, textbooks, photos, etc. 3. Compare/contrast different stories or accounts about past events, people, places, or situations, identifying how they contribute to our understanding of the past 4. Develop an understanding of historical roots and assist in understanding relationships to the past and roles in the present as well as the future |
| People, Places, Events |
1. Recognize important historical events that have influenced the
development of our country such as land use, settlement patterns, etc. 2. Recognize important people that have influenced the development of our country 3. Recognize where major historical events took place |
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| Process/Investigation |
1. Reading historical maps 2. Recognizing point of view 3. Choose a side of an issue to debate 4. Determining the credibility of a source 5. Read and interpret political cartoons |
|
| Cultures/Cultural Diversity |
1. Compare ways in which people from different cultures think about and deal
with their physical environment and social conditions 2. Describe and give examples of the importance of cultural unit and diversity within and across groups 3. Identify examples of contributions of various cultures to our American culture |
|
| Civic & Government Perspectives | Basic Concepts |
1. Recognize why governments were formed at local, state, and national
levels 2. Know the structure and function of the U.S. government as presented in the Constitution 3. Recognize relationship between choices and consequences in decision making |
| American Ideals/Citizenship |
1. Understand the individual's role in government 2. Explain how the Bill of Rights provides for individual rights and responsibilities 3. Understand the characteristics of a model citizen and the responsibilities that citizenship requires |
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| Democratic Processes/Structure | Know who makes laws in local, state, and national government | |
| Process/Investigation | Read and interpret graphs, charts, pictures, and timelines | |
| Economic Perspectives | Basic Concepts |
1. Define the free enterprise system 2. Understand the economies of the regions of the U.S., past and present: Great Lakes, Midwest, New England Colonies, West, Northeast, Southeast, and Southwest |
| Production, Distribution, Consumption |
1. Understand peace and war production, distribution, and consumption 2. Understand World War I and World War II |
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| Science/Technology/Society | Understand the effects of technology in the 20th century |